We're all familiar with the word 'knowledge.' The chances are you've said it and heard it at work or in your persona life in the last few months. هل كنت تعلم أن هناك أنواع كثيرة من المعرفة؟ Understanding how, say, 'explicit knowledge' differs from 'tacit knowledge' can go a long way to helping you better understand the world–especially if your work involves building a knowledge management strategy or being a knowledge manager.

In this guide, we'll define the seven core types of knowledge and give you examples of how each of them shows up in our day-to-day lives. Let’s dive in!

ما هي الأنواع السبعة من المعرفة؟

1. Explicit knowledge
2. Implicit knowledge
3. Tacit knowledge
4. Procedural knowledge
5. Declarative knowledge
6. A Posteriori knowledge
7. A Priori knowledge

ما هي المعرفة؟

Before we explore the 7 knowledge types in detail, let's establish a definition of the word 'knowledge.' Simply put, knowledge is the aggregated information, facts, skills, and understanding about a subject that a person gains through education, experience, and reasoning.

In the workplace, a company's success is often based on the quality and accessibility of its knowledge, and the extent to which it's shared. In fact, research has found that knowledge sharing increases the creativity, innovation, and overall performance of businesses worldwide.

The 7 types of knowledge

1. Explicit knowledge

Explicit knowledge is knowledge covering topics that are easy to systematically document (in writing), and share out at scale: what we think of as structured information. When explicit knowledge is well-managed, it can help a company make better decisions, save time, and maintain an increase in performance.

These types of explicit knowledge are all things that have traditionally been what has been captured in a knowledge base or as part of a knowledge management strategy. It’s formalized documentation that can be used to do a job, make a decision, or inform an audience.

Explicit knowledge examples

Companies can share explicit knowledge by maintaining well-documented information in their knowledge base. Examples of explicit knowledge include things like FAQs, instructions, raw data and related reports, diagrams, one-sheets, and strategy slide decks.

Here is an example of documented explicit knowledge:

Learn more about structuring knowledge.

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2. Implicit knowledge

Implicit knowledge is, essentially, learned skills or know-how. It is gained by taking explicit knowledge and applying it to a specific situation. If explicit knowledge is a book on the mechanics of flight and a layout diagram of an airplane cockpit, implicit knowledge is what happens when you apply that information in order to fly the plane.

Implicit knowledge is gained when you learn the best way to do something. You can then take that experience and synthesize it with other learned information in order to solve an entirely new problem.

This type of knowledge has traditionally been excluded from formal knowledge bases, as it can be difficult to document and capture in a scalable way. In order to add it to a knowledge base, think of it this way: “What new thing did I learn, would it be useful to others, and how can I explain it?” Here is an example of documented implicit knowledge:

Implicit knowledge examples

بينما يمكن أن تكون المعرفة الضمنية أكثر صعوبة في التوثيق، فإن بعض أمثلة المعرفة الضمنية قد تشمل قدرة الفرد على تحديد أولويات المهام أو التعامل مع المشاريع للوفاء بالمواعيد النهائية.

3. Tacit knowledge

Tacit knowledge is intangible information that can be difficult to explain in a straightforward way, such as things that are often “understood” without necessarily being said, and are often personal or cultural. This type of knowledge is informal, learned with experience over time, and usually applies to a specific situation.

When it can be captured (if it’s not, for instance, a feeling), it should be added to a knowledge base. Doing so makes it easy to share expertise gained over time with others who may need it.

Tacit knowledge examples

قد يكون من الصعب نقل المعرفة الضمنية وعادةً لا يمكن تخزينها. قد تكون إحدى أمثلة المعرفة الضمنية هي قدرة مندوبي المبيعات على معرفة الوقت المثالي لتقديم عرضهم خلال الاجتماع. A combination of experience, reading social cues, and other personal factors must come together to form that unique bit of knowledge.

Since this knowledge is learned with experience over time, companies can help employees strengthen their tacit knowledge by sharing techniques and tips on handling certain situations. An example of this could be a list of phrases for sales leads to look out for when dealing with customer complaints. The sales lead could better understand how to ‘read’ or rectify a situation by being prepared with possible conversation outcomes.

إليك مثالًا على معرفة ضمنية موثقة:

4. Declarative knowledge

Declarative knowledge which can be also understood as propositional knowledge, refers to static information and facts that are specific to a given topic, which can be easily accessed and retrieved. It’s a type of knowledge where the individual is consciously aware of their understanding of the subject matter.

This type of knowledge is typically stored in documentation or databases and focuses more on the 'who', 'what', 'where', and 'when' behind information and less on the 'how' or 'why'. When documented, it creates the foundation for understanding the subject matter and can help companies improve how they share procedural and explicit knowledge.

Declarative knowledge examples

Some examples of declarative knowledge include an individual's ability to know what the company goals are for the year. The individual can also understand how performance will be measured due to reading the company newsletter where the goals and metrics are shared across teams.

5. Procedural knowledge

Procedural knowledge focuses on the ‘how’ behind which things operate, and is demonstrated through one’s ability to do something. Where declarative knowledge focuses more on the ‘who, what, where, or when’, procedural knowledge is less articulated and shown through action or documented through manuals.

Procedural knowledge examples

Stemming from the root “procedure”, an example of procedural knowledge could include a standard operating procedure on how to do specific tasks, or use certain equipment in an organization.

6. A Posteriori knowledge

A posteriori knowledge is a subjective type of knowledge that is gained from individual experience. بينما هذا النوع من المعرفة ليس نوعًا يمكن توثيقه في قاعدة معرفة الشركة، إلا أنه لا يزال يلعب دورًا حيويًا في نجاح الفرق. This kind of knowledge gives individuals the ability to know their strengths and weaknesses that stem from their experiences, and can help companies diversify their teams skill set.

A Posteriori knowledge examples

Due to a posteriori knowledge being derived from individual experiences, some examples of a posteriori knowledge could include an individual's ability to lead teams based on their previous roles in management, or the ability to de-escalate or diffuse tense situations.

7. A Priori knowledge

A priori knowledge is the opposite of posteriori knowledge, and is gained independent of experience or evidence. This type of knowledge is often shared through logical reasoning, or one's ability to think abstractly. على الرغم من أن المعرفة القبلية قد لا تكون موثقة بالضرورة، إلا أنها عادةً ما تظهر في شكل قدرة الفرق على الفهم والتفكير عند مواجهة المواقف.

A Priori knowledge examples

قد تشمل أمثلة المعرفة القبلية قدرة الفرد على التفوق في الرياضيات، أو التفكير المنطقي بسبب قدرته الفطرية على فهم وتفسير المعلومات دون الحاجة إلى مزيد من الشرح.

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